This prospective study was conducted at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad from April 2012 to March 2012.The study included a total of 353 mothers in labour and 357 newborns (4 pairs of twins) born to them. A high vaginal swab was taken from all the mothers in the study to identify the pattern of vaginal colonization in labour. All their neonates were included in the study to determine the various neonatal outcomes like preterm birth or neonatal sepsis in regard to the vaginal colonization. All the neonates who developed sepsis were further admitted to the NICU, septic screening was done and were given appropriate treatment. Study conclude that knowledge of the pattern of maternal genital flora could help us to identify women at risk of preterm labour and neonates at risk of developing neonatal sepsis.