Male infertility is defined as a man's inability to achieve pregnancy with a fertile partner after a year of regular, unprotected sexual activity. It is responsible for nearly 40–50% of infertility cases globally. In India, cultural beliefs often exclude men from being blamed for infertility, although several biological and lifestyle-related factors can impact male fertility. These include hormonal disruptions in the reproductive axis, physical conditions like varicocele and genital infections, genetic issues such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y chromosome deletions, and epigenetic alterations. Additionally, lifestyle habits like excessive alcohol intake, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, disrupted sleep patterns, and exposure to harmful environmental agents can significantly lower sperm quality.

A six-month observational study conducted on 354 male infertility patients revealed that 80% had abnormalities in at least one sperm parameter, including low sperm count, reduced motility, or irregular morphology. Genetic testing showed a high rate of abnormalities, particularly in individuals with alcohol consumption and radiation exposure. A large portion (89%) of participants led a sedentary lifestyle and were overweight. Irregular sleep cycles and habitual alcohol use (seen in 75% of cases) were common. Although fewer participants (26%) smoked, all exhibited at least one sperm defect. Chronic health conditions such as diabetes, thyroid issues, and hypertension were also frequently observed. Varicocele was present in all individuals studied, indicating a strong link to structural causes of infertility. Many participants worked in software- related jobs, suggesting potential risks associated with prolonged exposure to electronic devices and radiation.

The study concluded that factors such as excess weight, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, sleep disturbances, and radiation exposure are major contributors to male infertility. Promoting healthier lifestyles, regular physical activity, weight management, and limiting harmful exposures could improve reproductive health outcomes in men. These insights stress the importance of early screening and lifestyle interventions in addressing male infertility.