Introduction: Accurate species identification is crucial in forensic and archaeological investigations, especially when skeletal remains are fragmented or lack clear anatomical features. Traditional macroscopic assessments may be inconclusive, necessitating microscopic methods like histological analysis. This study compares the femoral cortical bone of humans (Homo sapiens) and pigs (Sus scrofa).

Objective: This study compares the femoral cortical bone of humans (Homo sapiens) and pigs (Sus scrofa) to establish microstructural criteria for species differentiation.

Methods: Femoral samples were obtained from nine adult humans and nine sub-adult pigs. Ground sections were prepared using a modified Frost’s method to preserve cortical architecture. Samples were analysed at ×100 magnification under a light microscope. Key histological features assessed included primary and secondary osteons, Haversian systems, plexiform structures, and Volkmann’s canals.

Results: Human femora exhibited a dense Haversian system with abundant secondary osteons, osteon fragments, and Volkmann’s canals—hallmarks of extensive bone remodelling. Pig femora showed a plexiform pattern dominated by regularly arranged primary osteons and limited secondary remodelling. These differences reflect adaptations to bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion, respectively.